This Manual was designed to improve and facilitate use of the UN Environment Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of MEAs through a variety of means. Its organization follows that of the UN Environment Guidelines, with the first part of the Manual devoted to compliance and the second part to enforcement. The Manual is intended for use by a wide audience: treaty negotiators, political officials, lawyers, police, customs officers, researchers, and legal drafters in governmental, non-governmental, academic, and professional institutions. Considering the breadth of topics and audiences entailed, this Manual is a reference tool. It is not meant to be read cover-to-cover. The Manual includes case studies of opportunities for synergetic implementation of MEAs for different topics (e.g in negotiation, building partnerships, legislation).